IS GREEN GREENER? DIMENSIONS OF A GREEN CORPORATION
Abstract
Constructs are building blocks of any model. These constructs could be imaginary like Intelligence. The inter-relation between the constructs decides the complexity of a theory. The study proposes a construct for Green Corporation which analyzes the nature and contribution of each measured item. There is a debate on what makes companies green. Many scholars have defined green products from various perspectives. The definitions are diverse and there is little consensus. Many studies attempt to classify these definitions into broad themes, but few studies have already been undertaken to find out the inter-relations among the variables. The items of the constructed range from the procurement of raw materials to end customer perceptions. The present study explores the dimensions and existence of higher-order constructs. The study found four correlated factors without any higher-order factors. The results were confirmed by using confirmatory factor analysis.
Keyword : Green, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Bi-factor Model
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
1. Bartlett, M. S. (1951). The effect of standardization on a Chi-square approximation in factor analysis. Biometrika, 38(3/4), 337-344. 2. Bezenc ̧on, V. and Blili, S. (2010), “Ethical products and consumer involvement: what’s new?”, European Journal of Marketing, 44 (9/10), 1305-1321. 3. Bollen, Kenneth A.. 2011. "Evaluating Effect, Composite, and Causal Indicators in Structural Equation Models," MIS Quarterly, 35 (2) 359-372. 4. Bratanova, B., S. Loughnan, and B. Gatersleben. 2012. The moral circle as a common motivational cause of cross-situational pro-environmentalism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(5): 539–45. 5. Bryant, F. B., & Yarnold, P. R. (1995). Principal-components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. In L. G. Grimm & P. R. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and understanding multivariate statistics (99-136). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 6. Chen, C. (2001). Design for the environment: A quality-based model for green product development, Management Science, 47(2), 250-263. 7. Chen, T. B., & Chai, L. T. (2010). Attitude towards the environment and green products: Consumers ‘perspective, Management Science andEngineering,4(2), 27-39. 8. Chen, Y. S., & Chang, C. H. (2013). Greenwash and green trust: The mediation effects of green consumer confusion and green perceived risk. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(3), 489-500. 9. Cronbach, L. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 16, 297–334. 10. DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (Vol. 26). Sage publications. 11. Elkington, H. and Makower. (1988). The green consumers. New York: Penguin Books 12. Epskamp, S. (2015). semPlot: Unified visualizations of structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling, 22(3), 474–483 . https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.937847 13. Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299. 14. Grace, James &Bollen, Kenneth. (2007). Representing general theoretical concepts in structural equation models: The role of composite variables. Environmental and Ecological Statistics. 15. 191-213. 15. Holzinger, K.J., Swineford, F (1937). The Bi-factor method. Psychometrika 2, 41–54 16. Horn, John L. (1965). "A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis". Psychometrika. 30 (2): 179–185. 17. Hu, L., &Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. 18. Hu, L.-t., &Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to under parameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. 19. Jeevan, Priti and Bhargav, Vanitha (2016) ,A Study on Green Packaging - A Case Study Approach with Reference to Dell Inc, International Educational Scientific Research Journal, 2(7) 20. Joseph F Hair/Barry J. Babin/Rolph E. Anderson/William C. Black (2014), Multivariate Data Analysis, Cengage 21. Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31–36. 22. Kaiser, H. F. (1992). On Cliff’s Formula, the Kaiser-Guttman Rule, and the Number of Factors. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74(2), 595– 598. 23. Kenneth A. Bollen , Jeffrey J. Harden , Surajit Ray & Jane Zavisca (2014) BIC and Alternative Bayesian Information Criteria in the Selection of Structural Equation Models, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(1), 1-19, 24. Khandelwal, U. and Yadav, S. K. (2014). Green marketing and sustainable development: Marketing professionals’ attitude towards green marketing. International Journal of Marketing and Business Communication, 3(1): 25. Kim, J.-O. and Mueller, C. W. (1978). Introduction to factor analysis. What it is and how to do it. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. 26. Kim, J.-O. and Mueller, C. W. (1987). Factor analysis. Statistical methods and practical issues. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. 27. Korkmaz S, Goksuluk D, Zararsiz G (2014). “MVN: An R Package for Assessing Multivariate Normality.” The R Journal, 6(2), 151–162 28. L ́opez-Gamero, M., Molina-Azor ́ın, J. and Claver-Cort ́es, E. (2009) The whole relationship between environmental variables and firm performance: competitive advantage and firm resources as media to variables. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(10): 3110–3121. 29. Law, K., Wong, C., & Mobley, W. (1998). Toward a Taxonomy of Multidimensional Constructs. The Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 741-755. 30. Lawley, D., & Maxwell, A. (1973). Regression and Factor Analysis. Biometrika, 60(2), 331-338. 31. Leonidou, L.C., C.N. Leonidou, D. Palihawadana, and M. Hultman. (2011). Evaluating the green advertising practices of international firms: a trend analysis. International Marketing Review 28 (1): 6–33. 32. Lüdecke D, Ben-Shachar M, Patil I, Makowski D (2020). “parameters: Extracting, Computing and Exploring the Parameters of Statistical Models using R.” Journal of Open Source Software, 5(53), 2445. 33. MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84–99. 34. MacCallum, Robert &Widaman, Keith & Preacher, Kristopher & Hong, Sehee. (2001). Sample Size in Factor Analysis: The Role of Model Error. Multivariate Behavioral Research. 36. 35. Mangun, D., & Thurston, D. L. (2002). Incorporating component reuse, remanufacture, and recycle into product portfolio design. Engineering Management, IEEE Transactions on, 49(4), 479- 490. 36. Massawe, E., & Geiser, K. (2012). The dilemma of promoting green products: what we know and don't know about biobased metalworking fluids. Journal of environmental health, 74(8), 8-16. 37. Mazar, N., and C.B. Zhong. (2010). Do green products make us better people? Psychological Science 21 (4): 494–8 38. McGrath R. E. (2005). Conceptual complexity and construct validity. Journal of personality assessment, 85(2), 112–124. 39. McGraw, Kenneth O. and Wong, S. P. (1996), Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients. Psychological Methods, 1, 30-46. 40. Mills, C.W. (1959). The sociological imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 41. Morrison, Donald F. (1990) Multivariate Statistical Methods. New York: McGraw-Hill. 42. Nunnally, Jum& Bernstein, Ira (1994) Psychometric Theory New York: McGraw Hill, 3rd ed. 43. Orsato, R.J. (2006) Competitive environmental strategies: when does it pay to be green? California Management Review, 48(2), 127–143. 44. Parker, B., Segev, S., & Pinto, J. (2009). What it means to go green: Consumer perception of green brands and dimensions of greenness. North Miami, FL: Florida International University 45. Pedro Pereira Luzio, J., & Lemke, F. (2013). Exploring green consumers’ product demands and consumption processes. European Business Review, 25(3), 281–300. 46. Revelle W (2020). psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research. Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. R package version 2.0.9, 47. Revelle W (2021). psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research. Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. R package version 2.1.3, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych. 48. Revelle, W., & Rocklin, T. (1979). Very Simple Structure: An Alternative Procedure For Estimating The Optimal Number Of Interpretable Factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 14, 403-414. 49. Ritter, ́A., Borchardt, M., Vaccaro, G., Pereira, G. and Almeida, F. (2015) Motivations for promoting the consumption of green products in an emerging country: exploring attitudes of Brazilian consumers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106: 507–520. 50. Rivera-Camino (2006), J. Re-evaluating green marketing strategy: a stakeholder perspective, European Journal of Marketing, 41 (11/12) ,1328-1358 51. Sarstedt, Marko &Ringle, Christian & Hair, Joe. (2017). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. 10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_15-1. 52. Schmid, J., Leiman, J.M. The development of hierarchical factor solutions. Psychometrika 22, 53–61 (1957). 53. Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge Academic. 54. Shamdasani, P., Chon-Lin, G. O., & Richmond, D. (1993). Exploring green consumers in an oriental culture: role of personal and marketing mix factors. Advances in consumer research, 20(1), 488-493 55. Shrout, Patrick E. and Fleiss, Joseph L(1979) . Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin,86, 420-3428. 56. Spearman, C. (1904). 'General intelligence,' objectively determined and measured. The American Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 201–293. 57. Spielmann, N. Green is the New White: How Virtue Motivates Green Product Purchase. J Bus Ethics (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04493-6 58. Svensson, G. and Wagner, B. (2012), “Business sustainability and E-footprints on Earth's life and ecosystems: generic models”, European Business Review, 24 (6), 59. Thurstone, L.L. (1947). Multiple factor analysis. University of Chicago Press: Chicago. 60. Unruh, G., Ettenson, R., 2010. Growing green. Harvard Business Review 88 (6), 94-100 61. Wasik, J.F. (1996). Green marketing and management: A global perspective. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell Publishers Inc. 62. Yenipazarli, A. &Vakharia, A. J. (2015). Green, greener or brown: choosing the right color of the product. Annals of Operations Research, 250(2), 537–567. 63. Zappelli, C., Barbulova, A., Apone, F., & Colucci, G. (2016). Effective Active Ingredients Obtained through Biotechnology. Cosmetics, 3(4),39. 64. Zinbarg, R. E., Barlow, D. H., & Brown, T. A. (1997). Hierarchical structure and general factor saturation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index: Evidence and implications. Psychological Assessment, 9(3), 277–284.